As we delve into systematic theology, we’re not merely collecting biblical facts; we’re organizing them to understand God and His works holistically. Systematic theology relies on four key sources: Scripture, reason, tradition, and experience to ensure our doctrines are biblical, logical, and rooted in the church’s historic witness. Additionally, it follows a structured methodology and focuses on six key areas, guiding us to a deeper knowledge of God.

The Bible as the Main Authority

Scripture is the primary source of truth, described as God’s infallible self-revelation. Unlike human attempts to discern truth through observation, Scripture is God’s direct communication, without error, providing the foundation for all theological study. However, it’s not the only source. Creation, another form of God’s self-revelation, reveals His glory but is subject to human misinterpretation and isn’t salvific. Reason, a distinct source, ensures our theology is logical and coherent. For instance, the doctrine of the Trinity – one God in three persons – must make sense within its own framework, avoiding contradictions. Experience, including conscience, also informs our theology, as seen in the wisdom books like Psalms and Proverbs, which draw from human observation to convey divine truth.

Tradition, often misunderstood, is a vital source. The Apostle Paul appealed to tradition in 1 Corinthians 14:33–34, noting that women not speaking in church was the practice “in all the churches of the saints.” Tradition reflects the church’s collective understanding, shaped by Scripture and reason over centuries. If a belief lacks historical precedent, it risks being a novel invention, disconnected from the Holy Spirit’s guidance through the church. These four sources – scripture, reason, tradition, and experience – must align to ensure our theology is sound.

A Methodical Approach to the Text

Systematic theology employs a methodical approach to study these sources. First, we collect biblical data relevant to a doctrine, such as the subordination of Christ to the Father. Verses like Philippians 2:6–7, where Christ “emptied Himself” to take the form of a servant, or John 6:38, where He seeks the Father’s will, provide key insights. Second, we analyze and exegete these passages to understand their meaning in context, ensuring we cite sources accurately. Third, we compare our findings with historical theology, such as the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), which affirmed that Christ is eternally generated by the Father but not eternally subordinate, clarifying His role within the Trinity.

This methodology guards against common pitfalls in Bible study. Many approach Scripture with preconceived notions, using it to confirm biases rather than seeking truth. Others rely solely on personal experience or expect the Holy Spirit to reveal meaning without study, a practice common in some charismatic circles. Systematic theology counters these by encouraging disciplined study, ensuring our conclusions align with Scripture, reason, tradition, and experience.

While Scripture is clear (the doctrine of perspicuity), deeper study reveals nuances, as even familiar passages like Psalm 23 yield richer meaning when examined historically and contextually.

Systematic theology focuses on six key areas, or loci:

• Theology Proper: The study of God’s nature and attributes.
• Christology: The doctrine of Christ’s person and work.
• Pneumatology: The study of the Holy Spirit.
• Ecclesiology: The nature and organization of the church.
• Soteriology: The doctrine of salvation.
• Eschatology: The study of the end times.

These areas interlock, ensuring a cohesive theology. For example, a Reformed understanding of soteriology (e.g., election) must align with a biblical Christology and ecclesiology, reflecting the holistic worldview of the Reformation. At Heritage, our confessional Reformed identity emphasizes this interconnectedness, rejecting partial adherence to Reformed doctrines.

By grounding our study in these sources and methods, systematic theology equips us to grow in the knowledge of God, avoid error, and live out His truth. As we continue this series, let us commit to studying diligently, balancing Scripture, reason, tradition, and experience, to know our incomprehensible yet revealed God more fully.